¶23 On balance, then, the first, third and fourth factors weigh against any resemblance to the family of nonsecurities; only the second factor weighs in favor. The factors are considered as a whole, and failure to satisfy one of the factors is not dispositive. J.T. Wallenbrock & Assocs., 313 F.3d at 537. McGuire’s fraud consisted of his failure to inform DeLuisa of his undischarged bankruptcy, the terms and conditions of the bankruptcy plan which significantly limited McGuire’s ability to incur debt, and his felony conviction and prison time for theft by conversion. The trial court found these omissions and McGuire’s affirmative statements that this was a good, safe investment to be material facts which would influence a reasonable investor’s investing decision. These findings are not clearly erroneous. See Schnuth v. Harrison, 44 Wis. 2d 326, 335, 171 N.W.2d 370 (1969).

¶24 We conclude that McGuire’s note qualifies as a “security” within the meaning of Wis. Stat. § 551.02 and thus his conduct qualified for prosecution pursuant to Wis. Stat. § 551.41.

¶29 The State was required to prove three elements beyond a reasonable doubt to convict LaCount of securities fraud. First, the prosecution had to establish that LaCount sold Wills a security, here, an investment contract. Wis. Stat. § 551.41. Second, the prosecution had to prove that LaCount made an "untrue statement of a material fact or [omitted] to state a material fact necessary in order to make the statements made, in the light of the circumstances under which they [were] made, not misleading . . . ." Wis. Stat. § 551.41(2). Third, the prosecution was required to prove that LaCount acted willfully. Wis. Stat. § 551.41. ...

¶30 We are satisfied that the State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that LaCount sold Wills a security, here, an investment contract. We are not persuaded by LaCount's argument, which relied on the United States Supreme Court decision of SEC v. Edwards, 540 U.S. 389, 393 (2004), that Wills had to depend solely on LaCount's efforts to realize a profit for the transaction to be an investment contract. In Edwards, the Court defined an investment contract for purposes of federal securities law. Id. LaCount's argument fails because Wisconsin securities law is far broader in its definition of an investment contract than is federal law. Wisconsin courts have held that managerial efforts need not come only from the efforts of a person other than the investor. See Fore Way Express, Inc. v. Bast, 178 Wis. 2d 693, 505 N.W.2d 408 (Ct. App. 1993). Specifically, Fore Way Express cited the relevant section of the Wisconsin Administrative Code in holding that an investment contract was any "'investment in a common enterprise with the expectation of profit to be derived through the essential managerial efforts of someone other than the investor.'" Id. at 712, citing Wis. Admin. Code § DFI 1.02(6)(a) (Dec. 2004).

¶31 We agree with the Fore Way Express court that an investor may have a role in the managerial efforts of an investment contract, so long as the investor does not provide the essential managerial efforts for the investment contract. Our holding today also is consistent with the Wisconsin Administrative Code, which defines an investment contract as "[a]ny investment in a common enterprise with the expectation of profit to be derived through the essential managerial efforts of someone other than the investor." Wis. Admin. Code § DFI 1.02(6)(a) (Dec. 2004). The judge's instructions to the jury in this case, as reflected in the record, were fully consistent with Wisconsin law. Furthermore, we are satisfied that Cohen's testimony was consistent with Wisconsin law.

¶11   Wille makes much of the fact that Wis. Stat. § 125.075(1) refers several times to the victim in the singular: “to a person under 18 years of age”; “the underage person was”; “[t]he underage person dies.” Id. We conclude, however, that the reference to a single minor or underage person in the statute does not preclude its application to a defendant who procures alcohol beverages for a group of persons that the defendant knew or should have known were underage persons.

¶12   We first note that Wis. Stat. § 990.001(1) provides that, when interpreting Wisconsin statutes, “unless [it] … would produce a result inconsistent with the manifest intent of the legislature … [t]he singular includes the plural, and the plural includes the singular.” …

¶13   We next observe that many criminal statutes refer to the victim of the described crime in the singular. Interpreting them as requiring that a defendant must knowingly direct his or her prohibited conduct toward a particular individual would produce results that are arguably “absurd or unreasonable.” …

¶14   We conclude it would be equally absurd or unreasonable to interpret Wis. Stat. § 125.075(1) as requiring a personal interaction between the defendant and the victim, or as requiring that the defendant have knowledge that a particular underage person would consume the alcohol procured by the defendant. …

¶15   We thus conclude that a violation of Wis. Stat. § 125.075(1) is proven when a defendant is shown to have “procure[d] alcohol beverages for … [one or more persons who are] under 18 years of age,” if the defendant “knew or should have known that the underage person[s were] under the legal drinking age” and an “underage person [who was under eighteen when provided the beverages] dies … as a result.”

¶17   Wille admitted on cross-examination that he knew when he purchased and arranged for the delivery of the barrels of beer to the party site that “an underage drinking party” was to occur and that party attendees would include “people … under the legal drinking age.” …

¶18   What Wille does dispute is whether the State produced sufficient evidence to allow jurors to conclude that Meshak consumed any of the beer that Wille provided to the party. Wille asserts that “no evidence was submitted to show that Wille sold a cup to Meshak or to show that Wille provided the alcohol that Meshak was drinking from the red cup.” …

¶19   An attendee of the party testified that he saw Meshak drink beer from a red cup and that he saw Meshak fill the cup once from one of the kegs at the party. This witness estimated that Meshak had consumed “about eight” cups of beer at the party, stating further that he had not seen Meshak fill his cup from any source of beer other than the keg and had not seen him with either a beer bottle or can in his hands. Another witness said that he was “pretty sure” that the beer he and Meshak were “slamming” near the end of the party were from one of the barrels at the party. ^[5] This same witness had earlier told a detective that he had seen Meshak “drinking fast and from the barrel of beer.” Finally, a third witness testified that he had seen Meshak fill “his cup from the half-barrel” “more than once, I believe,” although this witness later said, “I don’t remember seeing him just fill it up, but I know he was drinking out of a red cup.”

¶20   In sum, we are satisfied that the State presented sufficient evidence …

¶24   Wille claims the trial court erred in instructing jurors that, to find Wille guilty of the charged crime, Meshak’s consumption of alcohol provided by Wille was required to be “a” substantial factor in causing Meshak’s death, instead of “the” substantial factor, as Wille requested. Alternatively, he contends the court should have also instructed jurors that, to be “a substantial factor,” the death had to be “a natural and probable consequence” of Wille’s conduct. ^[6] We are not persuaded that the trial court erred in instructing jurors that Wille could be found guilty if Meshak’s consumption of alcohol provided by Wille was “a substantial factor” in causing Meshak’s death, or that it erroneously exercised its discretion by refusing to insert the additional language Wille requested.

¶26   … (T)he trial court correctly instructed jurors that Wis. Stat. § 125.075(1) requires a showing that Meshak’s consumption of the provided alcohol needed to be “a substantial factor in causing [Meshak’s] death.”

¶27   We further conclude that the court did not err in refusing to add to the instruction that Meshak’s death must be shown to have been “the natural and probable consequence of the accused’s conduct,” which is the language Wille requested the trial court to insert. As the supreme court explained in Serebin, the phrase “a substantial factor” is the equivalent of “the natural and probable consequence of the accused’s conduct.” Serebin, 119 Wis.  2d at 849. We agree with the State that it is not an erroneous exercise of discretion for a trial court to decline to provide jurors with alternative language that communicates the same concept as other language already included in the instruction.

¶31   … The State was under no obligation to establish the level of alcohol in Meshak’s blood at the time of the accident, or even to prove that he was intoxicated to the degree required for a conviction under Wis. Stat. § 346.63 (“Operating under influence of intoxicant or other drug”). The absence of other drugs in Meshak’s system also was not an element of the State’s case. As we have discussed, the State needed to prove only that Meshak’s consumption of alcohol beverages procured by Wille was “a substantial factor” in causing Meshak’s death. We conclude there was more than sufficient evidence presented at trial to show that Meshak drove away from the party in a highly intoxicated state. We therefore harbor no reasonable doubt that jurors would have found that the State established the necessary causal link between Meshak’s consumption of alcohol and his death even if they had not heard the test result evidence.

¶11   Here, we are concerned only with the remedial sanctions for which the legislature has provided, in Wis. Stat. §§ 785.01(2), (3) and 785.04 …

¶12   … The legislature, in Wis. Stat. § 785.04(1)(a), specifically authorizes payment of money to compensate a victim for an “injury suffered by the party as the result of a contempt of court.” Use of the past tense in the statute plainly authorizes payment for injuries that occurred in the past. The legislature apparently recognized that bringing a party into compliance with a court order did not necessarily cure the harm the victim of the noncompliance had already sustained because of the violation of the court order.

¶13   Under Wis. Stat. ch. 785, our courts have imposed, or approved, the payment of money to the victim of disobedience to the court order as remedial sanctions for injury sustained, although the disobedience had ended when the financial sanction was, or was to be, determined. …

…

¶23      As the trial court noted, the standard for intentional misconduct in the contempt context discussed in Shepard, 189 Wis. 2d at 287, was met here. See also Gower v. Circuit Court for Marinette County, 154 Wis. 2d 1, 452 N.W.2d 354 (1990). Because of the County’s violations, inmates in the booking area were forced to endure a variety of unsafe and unsanitary conditions because of overcrowding which were specifically prohibited by the Consent Decree. The trial court graphically described these violations as including, among other things, forcing inmates to sleep on the floor next to urinals, bug-infested cells, bodily fluids on the floors, and bad odors. See ¶5, supra. As we have seen, when the purpose of the court’s order has been thwarted for a substantial period of time by noncompliance, and the victim(s) of the noncompliance have suffered unremedied injury as a direct result of that noncompliance, a remedial sanction is not limited to belated technical compliance with the face of the court’s order. Frisch, 736 N.W.2d 85, ¶¶54, 63, 64; Luebke, 267 Wis. 2d 596, ¶¶27, 30; Larsen, 165 Wis.  2d at 685; Griffin , 141 Wis. 2d at 708.

¶10      Wisconsin statutes permit a court to enforce its orders by imposing either remedial or punitive sanctions. See Wis. Stat. § 785.04. Punitive sanctions focus on upholding the authority of the court, must be pursued by the district attorney or other prosecuting authority unless the contempt occurs in the presence of the court, and are conducted under the rules of criminal procedure. See Wis. Stat. § 785.03(1)(b); Frisch, 736 N.W.2d 85, ¶34; Diane K.J. v. James L.J., 196 Wis. 2d 964, 969, 539 N.W.2d 703 (Ct. App. 1995) (Punitive contempt is not concerned with private interests of a litigant.); State v. Chinavare, 185 Wis.  2d 528, 529-30, 518 N.W.2d 772 (Ct. App. 1994) (“A complaint issued under [Wis. Stat.] § 785.03(1) … ‘shall be processed under [Wis. Stat.] chs. 967 to 973.’”). Remedial sanctions, however, focus on the rights of the victim of the disobedience to the court order. Section 785.03(1)(a). Such sanctions may be requested by any victim of contumacious conduct, and the statutes provide remedies for the contempt which are aimed at ending the harm to the victim resulting from noncompliance with the order. See § 785.03(1)(b); Frisch, 736 N.W.2d 85, ¶35; State v. King, 82 Wis. 2d 124, 130, 262 N.W.2d 80 (1978); Diane K.J., 196 Wis.  2d at 968. The harm of noncompliance, in some circumstances, may not be remedied merely by a belated compliance with the order sought to be enforced. See Frisch, 736 N.W.2d 85, ¶¶42, 43 & 47.

¶66      Moreover, we agree with Washington that remedial contempt was not an appropriate sanction in this case. A contemnor may be imprisoned "only so long as the person is committing the contempt of court." Wis. Stat. § 785.04(1)(b). Once a contemnor complies with the prior court order, or "purges" the contempt, the person must be released. "The purge provision must clearly spell out what the contemnor must do to be purged, and that action must be within the power of the person." State ex rel. N.A. v. G.S., 156 Wis. 2d 338, 342, 456 N.W.2d 867 (Ct. App. 1990) (citing Schroeder v. Schroeder, 100 Wis. 2d 625, 638, 302 N.W.2d 475, 482 (1981)). "Thus, it is often said that contemnors 'hold the keys to their own jails.'" Id. (quoting State v. King, 82 Wis. 2d 124, 137, 262 N.W.2d 80 (1978)).

¶66      Of course, no express purge provision was provided in this case because the circuit court declined to proceed under the remedial contempt statute. Thus, there was no reason for the court of appeals to reach this issue. ^[21]

¶67      Additionally, the legislature specifically addressed confinement for noncompliant and drug-resistant persons with tuberculosis in Wis. Stat. § 252.07. As Judge Kessler noted in her dissent:

The legislature . . . developed an elaborate and detailed system to protect the public from, provide treatment for, and protect the civil liberties of, individuals with contagious tuberculosis. The legislature has concluded that the statutory system of regulation, and enforcement, provides adequate tools to protect the public and to treat the infected.

Washington, 292 Wis. 2d 258, ¶31 (Kessler, J., concurring in part, dissenting in part).

¶68      We therefore disavow the court of appeals' discussion of remedial contempt under Wis. Stat. § 785.04(1) as a separate basis for confinement to jail in this case. Washington, 292 Wis. 2d 258, ¶¶16-19.

¶24. Upon the filing of a motion seeking remedial sanctions for contempt, an on-the-record hearing must be held "for due process purposes." See Mercury Records Prods., Inc. v. Economic Consultants, Inc., 91 Wis. 2d 482, 504, 283 N.W.2d 613 (Ct. App. 1979). The evidence adduced at the hearing must support resultant findings of fact that the contemnor engaged in "intentional ... [d]isobedience, resistance or obstruction of the authority, process or order of a court." Wis. Stat. § 785.01(1)(b). No evidentiary proceedings were conducted in this case, nor were facts stipulated to on the record that would support the necessary findings. We conclude that the lack of evidentiary proceedings, as well as the absence of proper findings to support the imposition of sanctions, violate both the requirements of ch. 785 and of due process. See Wis. Stat. § 785.03(1)(a) ("The court, after notice and hearing, may impose a remedial sanction ...." (emphasis added)); Dennis v. State, 117 Wis. 2d 249, 261, 344 N.W.2d 128 (1984) ("[S]tatutory requirements and due process require that the defendant be aware of what he must answer to so that he can be prepared to offer proof and explanation showing his good faith efforts to comply with the court's orders.").

¶25. We conclude that the circuit court should have followed procedures under Wis. Stat. § 785.03(1)(a) for imposing remedial sanctions but did not do so. Those procedures require, at a minimum, notice that sanctions for contempt are being sought, and in the absence of stipulated facts, an evidentiary hearing sufficient to permit the court to make specific findings regarding whether the alleged contemnor intentionally disobeyed its orders.

¶23. We conclude, then, that to "disclose" information under § 48.981(7), the recipient must have been previously unaware of the information at the time of the communication. Because the disclosure of the confidential information is an element of the crime, the State has the burden to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that the disclosure took place. In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 363 (1970). We thus reverse the court of appeals on this issue.

Issue²: Whether the drug tax stamp law, §§ 139.87-139.96, violates double jeopardy.
Holding: Possession with intent to deliver is not a lesser included offense of the drug tax stamp law, and a defendant may therefore be convicted of both. ¶39-41.
UPDATE: The 7th Circuit has since held that the old tax stamp law is sufficiently punitive, at least in regard to cocaine, to trigger double jeopardy analysis; and, under facts of the case double jeopardy was violated -- defendant's assets ordered frozen and seized to pay tax assessment on cocaine; ensuing possession with intent prosecution and conviction amounted to multiple punishment forbidden by double jeopardy clause. Stephen Dye v. Frank, 03-1368, 1/27/04. This particular issue -- whether tax assessment may be regarded as punitive was not resolved by either Hall or Jones. Nor does it appear that the post-Hall legislative amendment addressed this particular problem.

The issue on appeal is who constitutes a "household member" under the domestic abuse statute. This involves the construction of a statute. Interpretation of a statute is a question of law that appellate courts review without deference to the trial court. See State ex rel. Reimann v. Circuit Court, 214 Wis.2d 604, 613, 571 N.W.2d 385, 387 (1997). The relevant statute here is § 813.12(1)(c), Stats., which defines a "household member" for the purposes of domestic abuse restraining orders and injunctions. The domestic abuse statute only applies to abuse by adult family members or adult household members. See § 813.12(1)(a). As stated above, the statute defines a household member as "a person currently or formerly residing in a place of abode with another person." Section 813.12(1)(c).

...

The statute uses the word "reside" to define the actions of a household member. The plain meaning of reside implies a continuous arrangement. ...

In accordance with the clear language of the statute, in order for Petrowsky to meet her initial burden, the facts must show that the parties were in a continuous living arrangement. ... Their summer excursions, while perhaps frequent, did not amount to a domestic living arrangement. The burden was on Petrowsky to show that the parties were living together. We disagree with the trial court's conclusion that she met this burden. Thus, the trial court erred in issuing a domestic abuse injunction under § 813.12(4), Stats. We reverse.¹

¶18 Thus, banishment is not a per se constitutional violation. As the previous discussion demonstrates, there is no exact formula for determining whether a geographic restriction is narrowly tailored. Each case must be analyzed on its own facts, circumstances and total atmosphere to determine whether the geographic restriction is narrowly drawn.

¶19 We therefore turn to the facts of this case. Here, we have an individual who has twice used a vehicle as a dangerous weapon in Walworth county and who has repeatedly demonstrated that a standard, more narrowly tailored, order will not deter her from harassing and endangering the lives of three innocent victims and their families, all of whom live in the county. The evidence in the record demonstrates that while she does not live or work in the county, Margaret frequently rents cars to drive around Walworth county. Further, her statements on the record indicate an absolute fixation on Tina and Pamela and an unwillingness to accept any possibility other than that she has been wronged and has a right to follow, threaten, harass and endanger these two women and their families. In fact, the trial court found that if Margaret were even in Walworth county, she would be tempted to prey upon her victims. Hence, Margaret poses a constant and dangerous threat any time she is present in the county.

¶20 Here, we also have three people who, as the record evidences, are victims for no apparent reason and have been driven to desperation by Margaret’s continuous harassment. These innocent victims deserve to be able to live their lives free from the constant fear of being tormented and attacked. The geographic restriction the trial court imposed will provide them with a margin of territorial safety in which they can live in peace.

¶19      The phrase “reasonable expectation of privacy” is not defined in Wis. Stat. § 942.09, nor are the individual words. However, the words “expectation of privacy” have a common meaning that can be ascertained with reference to a standard dictionary. …

¶21      If we apply the common meanings of “expectation” and “privacy” and the well-established meaning of the term “reasonable,” Wis. Stat. § 942.09(2)(a) requires that the person who is depicted nude is in a circumstance in which he or she has an assumption that he or she is secluded from the presence or view of others, and that assumption is a reasonable one under all the circumstances, meaning that it is an appropriate one under all the circumstances according to an objective standard. We conclude this is a reasonable construction of “reasonable expectation of privacy” because it employs the common and well-established meanings of the words.

¶39      However, this court and the supreme court have already concluded in several different contexts that the term “reasonable” does not render a statute unconstitutionally vague. …

¶44      Following the reasoning of these cases, we conclude that use of “reasonable” to describe “expectation of privacy” in the context of Wis. Stat. § 942.09 provides sufficient notice of the conduct proscribed by the statute. Use of the word “reasonable” in § 942.09 requires that a person refrain from videotaping a person who is nude, as specifically defined in Wis. Stat. § 948.11(1)(d), without the person’s knowledge and consent, when that person is nude in circumstances in which the person has an expectation of privacy that is reasonable under the circumstances. The use of the word “reasonable” means that Nelson is not at the mercy of people who are nude in situations that a reasonable person would not expect to be private; rather, Nelson can determine, based on the circumstances he himself was aware of and able to observe, whether a reasonable person would have an expectation of privacy in the circumstances in which he videotaped the women nude, without their knowledge and consent, in their bathroom.

¶45      We recognize that in Wis. Stat. § 942.09(2)(a), the word “reasonable” does not modify terms describing the conduct of the defendant, but instead modifies the victim’s expectation of privacy. However, as the court in Baumann explained, reasonableness as applied to the person who is disturbed by the defendant’s conduct—in this sense, the victim—is in essence the same as applying the reasonableness standard to the defendant’s conduct ….

¶53      Applying this standard, we conclude the evidence was sufficient for the jury to find Nelson guilty of violating Wis. Stat. § 942.09 beyond a reasonable doubt, and, specifically, that the women videotaped had a reasonable expectation of privacy. If a jury accepted the testimony of the women and the investigating officers, there was evidence that the bathroom was on the second floor of the building; Nelson’s house appeared vacant and actually was generally vacant that summer; there was a tree, located between Nelson’s house and their own house, that blocked the view of the bathroom window from the ground during the summer; over ten feet separated Nelson’s house from the women’s house, and the women were located four or five feet from the window when Nelson videotaped them. In addition, given the detail visible on the videotapes, a reasonable jury could infer that Nelson was using a zoom feature to see the women and that he would not have been able to see them in any significant detail otherwise. Considering this evidence together, we conclude it is sufficient for a jury to find beyond a reasonable doubt that, despite opening the window, the women had a reasonable expectation of privacy when they were videotaped.

We reject Hahn's argument that expert testimony was necessary to establish that these video poker machines were gambling machines. Although Hahn refers to cases from other jurisdictions in which technical aspects of the machines' functions were at issue, he does not relate those cases to any disputed issue here. The two specific aspects of the definition that Hahn claims were not proved were that there was a reward and that chance predominated over skill. Expert testimony is necessary only when there are unusually complex or esoteric matters beyond the knowledge of the average juror. Weiss v. United Fire & Cas. Co., 197 Wis.2d 365, 382, 541 N.W.2d 753, 758-59 (1995). We are not persuaded that either of these contested issues as they present themselves in this case involve facts and circumstances beyond the common knowledge or ordinary experience of the average juror.